(BBC News) A spacecraft that will hunt for signs of life on one of Jupiter’s icy moons has blasted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
NASA launched the spacecraft at 12:06 local time (16:06 GMT) after hurricane Milton forced the mission to postpone plans last week.
Europa Clipper will now travel 2.9 billion kilometres to reach Europa, a deeply mysterious moon orbiting Jupiter.
It will not arrive until 2030, but what it finds could change what we know about life in our solar system.
Trapped under the moon’s surface could be a vast ocean with double the amount of water on Earth.
The spacecraft is chasing a European mission that left last year, but using a cosmic piggyback, it will overtake and arrive first.
Years in the making, the Europa Clipper launch was delayed at the last minute after hurricane Milton blasted Florida this week.
The spacecraft was rushed indoors for shelter, but after checking the launchpad at Cape Canaveral for damage, engineers have given the go-ahead for liftoff at 12:06 local time (16:06 GMT).
“If we discover life so far away from the Sun, it would imply a separate origin of life to the Earth,” says Mark Fox-Powell, a planetary microbiologist at the Open University.
“That is hugely significant, because if that happens twice in our solar system, it could mean life is really common,” he says.
Located 628 million kilometres from Earth, Europa is just a bit bigger than our moon, but that is where the similarity ends.
If it was in our skies, it would shine five times brighter because the ice would reflect much more sunlight.
Its icy crust is up to 25 km thick, and sloshing beneath, there could be a vast saltwater ocean.
There may also be chemicals that are the ingredients for simple life.
Scientists first realized Europa might support life in the 1970s when, peering through a telescope in Arizona, they saw water ice.
Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts captured the first close-up images, and then in 1995 NASA’s Galileo spacecraft flew past Europa taking some deeply puzzling pictures. They showed a surface riddled with dark, reddish-brown cracks, fractures that may contain salts and sulfur compounds that could support life.
The Hubble space telescope has since taken pictures of what might be plumes of water ejected 160 kilometres above the moon’s surface.
But none of those missions got close enough to Europa for long enough to really understand it.
Now scientists hope that instruments on NASA’s Clipper spacecraft will map almost the entire moon, as well as collect dust particles and fly through the water plumes.
Britney Schmidt, professor of earth and atmospheric sciences at Cornell university in the U.S., helped to design a laser onboard that will see through the ice.
“I’m most excited about understanding Europa’s plumbing. Where’s the water? Europa has the ice version of Earth’s subduction zones, magma chambers and tectonics — we are going to try to see into those regions and map them,” Schmidt says.
Her instrument, which is called Reason, was tested in Antarctica.
But unlike on Earth, all the instruments on Clipper will be exposed to huge amounts of radiation, which Prof Schmidt says is a “major concern.”
The spacecraft should fly past Europa about 50 times, and each time, it will be blasted with radiation equivalent to one million X-rays.
“Much of the electronics are in a vault that’s heavily shielded to keep out radiation,” Schmidt says.
The spaceship is the largest ever built to visit a planet and has a long journey ahead. Travelling 2.9 billion km, it will orbit the Earth and Mars to propel itself further toward Jupiter in what is called the sling-shot effect.
It cannot carry enough fuel to motor itself all the way alone, so it will piggyback off the momentum of Earth and Mars’s gravitational pull.
It will overtake JUICE, the European Space Agency’s spaceship that will also visit Europa on its way to another of Jupiter’s moons called Ganeymede.
Once Clipper approaches Europa in 2030, it will switch on its engines again to carefully manoeuvre itself into the right orbit.
Space scientists are very cautious when talking about the chances of discovering life — there is no expectation that they will find human-like creatures or animals.
“We are searching for the potential for habitability and you need four things — liquid water, a heat source, and organic material. Finally those three ingredients need to be stable over a long enough period of time that something can happen,” says Michelle Dougherty, professor of space physics at Imperial College in London.
And they hope that if they can understand the ice surface better, they will know where to land a craft on a future mission.
An international team of scientists with NASA, the Jet Propulsion Lab, and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab will oversee the odyssey.
At a time when there is a space launch virtually every week, this mission promises something different, suggests Professor Fox-Powell.
“There’s no profit being made. This is about exploration and curiosity, and pushing back the boundaries of our knowledge of our place in the universe,” he says.
